If there ever were to be an adapter, it would basically have to be the whole system on a cart, with 5200 controller ports on the cart. The adapter would use use the 7800 as a pass through for power and video output.
The controllers on the 5200 have extra buttons not available on 7800 controllers.
The 5200 has a superior sound chip built into the system.
Some models of the 5200 have 4 controller ports for 4 player games, the 7800 only has 2 controller ports.